Alterations to network of NO/cGMP-responsive interstitial cells induced by outlet obstruction in guinea-pig bladder

Interstitial cells (ICs) play a role in regulating normal bladder activity. This study explores the possibility that the sub-urothelial and muscle networks of NO/cGMP-responsive ICs are altered in animals with surgically induced outflow obstruction. In sham-operated animals, the urothelium comprised NO-stimulated cGMP-positive (cGMP⁺) umbrella cells, an intermediate layer and a basal layer that stained for nNOS. cGMP⁺ sub-urothelial interstitial cells (su-ICs) were found below the urothelium. cGMP⁺ cells were also associated with the outer muscle layers: on the serosal surface, on the surface of the muscle bundles and within the muscle bundles. Several differences were noted in tissues from obstructed animals: (1) the number of cGMP⁺ umbrella cells and intensity of staining was reduced; (2) the intermediate layer of the urothelium consisted of multiple cell layers; (3) the su-IC layer was increased, with cells dispersed being throughout the lamina propria; (4) cGMP⁺ cells were found within the inner muscle layer forming nodes between the muscle bundles; (5) the number of cells forming the muscle coat (serosa) was increased; (6) an extensive network of cGMP⁺ cells penetrated the muscle bundles; (7) cGMP⁺ cells surrounded the muscle bundles and nodes of ICs were apparent, these nodes being associated with nerve fibres; (8) nerves were found in the lamina propria but rarely associated with the urothelium. Thus, changes occur in the networks of ICs following bladder outflow obstruction. These changes must have functional consequences, some of which are discussed.     

微循环阻力指数在心血管疾病中的应用

随着医疗水平的发展,心血管疾病的诊断和治疗越来越规范和细致,不仅需要对心脏大血管进行评估,对微循环的评估也是十分重要。微循环阻力指数(index of microcirculatory resistance,IMR)是2003年由Fearon医生提出的一种操作方便、能真实反映微循环阻力的冠状动脉功能学定量评价指标。IMR的可重复性好,且不受冠状动脉狭窄影响,在预测围手术期心梗、PCI术后微血管阻塞、ST段抬高性心肌梗死患者PCI预后,评价PCI辅助治疗手段的有效性,阐明应激性心肌病的发病机制以及评价心血管药物的应用等方面具有重要意义。本文就IMR的特点及临床应用做一综述。     

恶性胆道梗阻患者所行经皮穿刺肝内胆管引流术中成功置入金属支架的术前影响因素分析

目的:探讨恶性胆道梗阻患者行PTBD(Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage)术中金属支架置入成功率的影响因素。方法:回顾性搜集2010年10月-2017年1月上海市第一人民医院收治的因患有近端恶性胆道梗阻行PTBD术患者的相关临床资料。比较不同原发病因患者支架置入情况。根据患者支架置入是否成功将其分为支架组和非支架组,比较患者的一般临床特征。结果:胰腺癌、胃癌和胆囊癌为本研究中数量上前3位的肿瘤,将以上3组分别按照支架置入数行x~2检验,其中胰腺癌(n=18,支架=6)和胃癌(n=14,支架=11)有统计学意义。将50例患者分为支架组(n=28)和非支架组(n=22),组间比较差异有统计学意义的因素包括:白细胞计数(支架组=6.40±3.40×10~9/L,非支架组=10.74±6.41×10~9/L),中性粒细胞计数(支架组=4.90±3.06×10~9/L,非支架组=8.92±6.25×10~9/L),胆道感染(支架组=9,非支架组=15)。进一步将该50例患者分为6组:胰腺癌-胆道感染组、胃癌-胆道感染组、其他肿瘤-胆道感染组、胰腺癌+胆道感染组、胃癌+胆道感染组、其他肿瘤+胆道感染组。将以上6组分别按照支架置入数行x~2检验,胰腺癌+胆道感染组(n=11,支架=1,P=0.001)有统计学意义。结论:PTBD术对于恶性胆道梗阻是一种有效的姑息治疗手段。胆道感染是PTBD术中支架置入成功的不利因素,胰腺癌合并胆道感染会显著降低PTBD术中支架置入成功率。     

黄芪当归汤联合莫沙比利治疗功能性便秘的疗效及对血清胃肠激素水平的影响

目的:研究黄芪当归汤联合莫沙比利治疗功能性便秘的临床疗效及对血清胃肠激素水平的影响。方法:选择2015年3月至2016年5月我院接受治疗的功能型便秘患者86例。按照随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组,各43例。对照组患者给予莫沙比利治疗,观察组同时加用黄芪当归汤治疗,对比两组临床疗效、不良反应;检测患者治疗前后血清胃动素(MTL)、P物质(SP)水平;采用SF-36生活质量量表对患者治疗后的生活质量进行评价。结果:观察组治疗总有效率为95.35%(41/43),显著高于对照组的81.40%(35/43),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组腹痛、皮疹、稀便发生率对比,均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。治疗前两组血清胃肠激素水平对比无显著差异,治疗后两组MTL均降低,而SP均上升,且治疗后观察组MTL水平显著低于对照组,SP水平显著高于对照组(均P0.05)。治疗后观察组患者饮食、精神、睡眠以及心理四个维度的生活质量评分均显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:黄芪当归汤联合莫沙比利治疗功能性便秘具有显著的临床疗效,能有效改善患者血清胃肠激素水平,提高患者生活质量,且安全可靠,值得推广应用。     

四磨汤口服液对脾虚便秘小鼠肠道黏膜厚度、隐窝深度和绒毛高度的影响

目的探讨四磨汤口服液对脾虚便秘的治疗机制。方法将实验动物随机分为正常组、脾虚便秘模型组和脾虚便秘治疗组。通过灌胃番泻叶水煎液7d,控制饮食、饥饱失常8d建立小鼠脾虚便秘模型,造模成功后,脾虚便秘治疗组给予四磨汤口服液灌胃,治疗5d,模型组和正常组给予等量无菌水灌胃。结果脾虚便秘治疗组小鼠的空肠肠黏膜厚度明显小于正常组和模型组(P<0.05);模型组小鼠与正常组相比在回肠隐窝深度和肠黏膜厚度上增加极显著(P<0.01),脾虚便秘治疗组小鼠与正常组相比能显著增加回肠绒毛的高度、隐窝深度和肠黏膜厚度(P<0.05或P<0.01);模型组小鼠与正常组相比在盲肠绒毛高度上增加显著(P<0.05),脾虚便秘治疗组小鼠与正常组相比能明显增加盲肠的绒毛高度及其肠黏膜厚度(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论四磨汤口服液能保护肠黏膜,促进营养物质的吸收。     

Gut Microbiota-Produced Tryptamine Activates an Epithelial G-Protein-Coupled Receptor to Increase Colonic Secretion

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外科动物实验中猪的麻醉问题

猪作为重要的实验动物,在外科实验中运用传统的麻醉方法时易引起呼吸道阻塞而死亡,我们使用全麻插管技术,并辅以术前术后各种对症处理,成功地解决了手术中猪因呼吸道阻塞而死亡的问题。     

'Fiber 7' supplement as an alternative to laxatives in a nursing home

Background: Chronic constipation is a common and bothersome problem in elderly nursing home patients. Although fibre has a known role in the treatment of constipation, laxatives are still widely used in nursing home patients. Objective: To determine whether the addition of a fibre supplement to oral diet can reduce the use of laxatives in a long‐term care facility. Participants and methods: Oral diet of 92 nursing home residents (all older than 65) on chronic laxatives (docusate, milk of magnesia with Cascara, psyllium) was supplemented with ‘Fiber 7’, a natural powder fibre (7 g per meal twice a day). During the next 2.5 years discontinuation of laxatives was attempted. Results: Laxatives were successfully discontinued in 63 of the 92 patients (68.5%, 95% confidence interval 59–78%). The fibre supplement was well tolerated. The cost of care was decreased by $3.5 per patient every month or by $220/month for the 63 patients. Conclusions: Use of ‘Fiber 7’ allowed discontinuation of laxatives in 63 of 92 nursing home residents. The fibre supplement was a safe and convenient alternative to laxatives and decreased the cost of medical care.     

Melatonin attenuates monocrotaline-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome in rats via activation of Sirtuin-3

Melatonin possesses potent hepatoprotective properties, but it remains to be elucidated whether melatonin has a therapeutic effect on monocrotaline (MCT)-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS). In this study, male Sprague Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with melatonin or the same volume of vehicle at 0 and 24 h after MCT intragastric administration. Next, hematoxylin–eosin staining and electron microscopy were performed to evaluate the hepatic sinusoidal injury of rats. Endothelial cell marker RECA-1 was observed by immunohistochemistry. Hepatic oxidative stress was analyzed by detecting malondialdehyde, glutathione S-transferase, and reactive oxygen species. Assessment of liver function was carried out by analysis of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and albumin levels. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were used to identify liver Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3) and active matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) expression. Besides, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) were used for the in vitro functional verification experiment. Specifically, liver histology of the melatonin-treated groups showed that the pathological damages caused by MCT were significantly attenuated, total HSOS scores were decreased, and the elevation of serum hyaluronic acid observed in the model group was also reduced. Moreover, melatonin treatment also improved the survival of rats after partial hepatectomy. Administration of melatonin ameliorated MCT-induced LSECs injury, hepatic oxidative stress, and hepatic dysfunction. Furthermore, melatonin treatment increased SIRT3 expression while attenuating MMP-9 activity in liver tissues. Cell experiment also demonstrated that SIRT3 might mediate the protective effect of melatonin on LSECs. Collectively, our study provided the potential rationale for the application of melatonin for the prevention of MCT-induced HSOS.     

Comparison of three methods to assess enteric neuronal apoptosis in patients with slow transit constipation

Background: The pathophysiological basis of slow transit constipation are scarcely understood. Some recent evidence suggests that increased apoptotic phenomena in the colonic enteric neurons may play a role. However, the best method to assess these phenomena has not been evaluated. Aims. To compare three different methods to detect enteric neuronal apoptosis in these patients. Methods: Serial colonic tissue sections obtained in 10 patients with intractable slow transit constipation were evaluated with immunohistochemical methods aimed at evaluating apoptotic phenomena: the formamide-MAb method, the TUNEL, and the caspase-3. Results: The highest yield of apoptotic neurons was obtained by means of the formamide-MAb method, compared to the other two, whereas the lowest yield was observed with the caspase-3. Conclusions: The formamide-MAb method, which is able to distinguish apoptosis from necrosis and is not influenced by DNA breaks, may prove useful to assess neuronal apoptotic phenomena in the human enteric nervous system. This represents a relevant method to detect enteric neuronal apoptosis.